Constrained Optimization and Distributed Computation †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Constrained Optimization and Distributed Computation. Answer: Presentation: Maintainability is the essential prerequisites of the associations nowadays, this is a result of the circumstance that has been emerging in the earth due to inordinate utilization of assets and expanding contamination. This is the report that talks about the maintainability in the significant capacity of the association that is flexibly chain the board. The report examinations the different components that influence the working of gracefully change the executives. The report starts with the conversation of the corporate social obligation and gracefully chain the executives alongside the maintainability support of the procedure by the association. The significant point of the report is to break down the distinctive viewpoint that can be utilized to keep up the harmony between nature and the elements of the association by understanding different idea of CSR in flexibly chain the board. This is the report that manages breaking down the advantages of CSR in the flexibly chain the executi ves and the methodologies that organizations are utilizing so as to coordinate the CSR rehearsed and the gracefully chain exercises in the worldwide gracefully chain. Flexibly chain the executives is the essential capacity of the association that permits the organization to convey the items to the market. It is the entire and soul of the item based organizations in such a case that the items has been produced in the organization than it should be reached to the market easily. Gracefully chain of any of the organization coordinates a portion of the capacities, for example, fabricating, tasks, buy, transportation, circulation and so on a flexibly chain framework must be fruitful if all the above expressed exercises run consistently in the association. Corporate social duty can be essentially characterized as the practices that are directed by the organizations so as to return back to the general public and assume their job in making the general public and condition maintainable. This is the point that has increased exceptional consideration nowadays by the specialists and the scientists also. This is on the grounds that it is required to explore about the significance of corporate social obligation in the different elements of the associations so as to be maintainability. Partners hypothesis has been proposed in the article that manages satisfying all the duties of the partners. The discoveries of the examination recommend that there are three significant zones where corporate social duty makes its center that are clients fulfillment, money related execution and inspiration of the workers. In prior occasions, the supervisors and the proprietors have the recognition that the matter of business is to work together however the exercises of business in nowadays have changed. Presently, the associations need to confront the weight from the general public, partners and the administration. Because of every one of these components and obstruction in the organizations corporate social obligation has got more consideration. CSR is currently the compulsory technique for the associations. Corporate Social Responsibility: Three Key Approaches This is the examination that manages different methodologies of corporate social obligation in the associations that likewise includes flexibly chain: It has been distinguished that CSR is getting such a large amount of consideration of the specialists nowadays, it has been dissected that it needs to confront numerous analysis also. As far as analysis, investor approach is the one that is confronting a great deal of issues. According to this hypothesis, the main intention of the associations ought to be to gain benefits and give the profits to the investors. This hypothesis has been censured in light of the fact that different partners are not I thought mind this hypothesis. This prompts improvement of partner hypothesis. The methodology recommends that it is the duty of the firm to satisfy the necessities and prerequisites of every single partners of the organization. It is additionally required by the organization to remember the supposition so the various partners for terms of settling on any significant choice in the organization. According to the examination, partners are the gathering of individuals who are influenced by any of the choice or the action of the organization. This hypothesis adjusts the rationale of associations to accomplish monetary benefits alongside fulfillment of the partners. Carroll built up the new methodology of corporate social obligation that incorporates four components that are lawful, moral, monetary and altruistic. According to the investigation or the methodology, the social obligation of the business lies in the monetary, legitimate, moral and humanitarian desire for the general public from the business. According to the above expressed hypotheses, exercises are viewed as obligatory for the associations yet this hypothesis recommends that a portion of the duties of the association are willful that gives better brand picture in the market as per their intentional activities towards the general public. It has been dissected from the exploration discoveries that partners approach is the hypothetical methodology that can utilized by the organizations in gracefully Chain in order to be maintainable and have better CSR concerns. Gracefully chain the board framework is the significant framework for the organizations in light of the worldwide rivalry between the organizations working in various nations. Re-appropriating the exercises and capacities, decreasing the item life cycle are a portion of the parts of flexibly chain the board. The executives is the organization are concentrating on flexibly chain rivalry everywhere throughout the world. Building up the relationship with the providers and different wholesalers have become significant and a urgent factor for the organizations nowadays. As the focal point of the organizations is moving to gracefully chain the executives, it has been examined that the weight on being reasonable is additionally expanding. The corporate social obligation is the idea that is additionally incorporating with the flexibly tie the board so as to be reasonable. Corporate social obligation isn't constrained uniquely to one of the elements of the organization however is an exception ally expansive idea that relates the organization and the general public overall. It is fundamentally characterized as the exercises led by the organizations so as to offer back to the general public. These exercises are considered as the duty of the associations. It is the article or the exploration that examines about the corporate gathering and the weight of the organizations to make their gracefully chain maintainable and have exercises through CSR yet it has been broke down that a portion of the organizations doesn't have the capacity to do as such and along these lines forcing such obligations on the organizations isn't right and moral. Corporate social duty in worldwide flexibly chains There are two fundamental segments that are related with the CSR of the organizations. The principal segment is the connection between the organization and the general public and the subsequent part is identified with the exercises that should be directed for the general public by the organizations. The exploration has been directed on the organization like IKEA so as to comprehend the reconciliation of CSR exercises in flexibly chain of the organization. IKEA is the Swedish organization that manages rehearsing CSR exercises in its flexibly chain administrations framework too. The main activity that the organization has started was to move its unction from exchanging to buying. This is the capacity or the procedure that manages buying the material from less providers rather that exchanging with huge number of providers. This movement prompts arrangement of better advertisement solid associations with a portion of the providers by the organization. For this procedure, the organization chooses the providers based on the nature of the items and the assembling forms. The organization invests in the entirety of its amounts of energy in building up the providers to elevated level. For better comprehension of the CSR is SCM, it is required to examine the flight of stairs model of the organization. IWAY is the activity of IKAE to buy home outfitting and this is the activity that incorporates CSR rehearses by the organization. It is the model of the organization that incorporates three stage draws near. The principal approach or the territory that has been talked about in the model is outside condition, the subsequent zone is working conditions and the last region is wooden product in the event of wooden providers. As examined that there are a few conditions to choose the providers. A portion of the conditions are that there ought to be no kid work, no constrained work and no wood from common high protection timberlands. This is the main degree of the model. So as to arrive at level 2, the providers need to satisfy the prerequisite of the outside condition alongside the working conditions. In the wake of satisfying all the prerequisites the providers can reach up to the following level that is level 3. Confirmation has been given to the providers at this level legitimizes that the provider can keep up the principles of the earth and strategies of the organization identified with maintainability. At level 4 , the providers procedure has been affirmed by the principles of IKEA. Subsequent to comprehension and perusing this case, it has been examined that rehearsing CSR in flexibly chain the board requires the association to put CSR in all the exercises of the organization, it ought not be treated as the different capacity yet CSR ought to be reflected in all the elements of the organization simply like what IKEA is doing by its gracefully chain the executives framework. Gracefully chain and CSR There are various investigations that have been directed so as to coordinate the CSR exercises and practices in the gracefully chain the board of the organization. Study uncovers that there is weight of partners on the organizations so as to direct the CSR rehearses. The examination was directed on four sorts of partners that are buyers, guideline, industry and media. Simultaneously another creator uncovers that there are a portion of the issues in implementi

How to Set Healthy Boundaries When Dealing With Addiction

How to Set Healthy Boundaries When Dealing With Addiction Addiction Coping and Recovery Print How to Set Healthy Boundaries When Dealing With Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 31, 2019 Peter Dazeley / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Its not uncommon for individuals living with an addiction to have problems with boundaries. For the people who love and care about them, establishing and enforcing healthy boundaries can be a challenge. The process can be painful and guilt-inducing. When a person with an addiction is struggling, those closest to them are often willing to allow otherwise problematic behaviors in order to help their loved one find their way. Unfortunately, this often means letting the person cross the line when it comes to certain completely inappropriate behaviors. What Are Boundaries? Simply put, boundaries are limits to what is acceptable or can be tolerated in a relationship. In the literal sense of the word, a boundary is a dividing line that separates one area from another and one that can be marked by a physical barrier like a fence or a road. Without the physical marker, it may not be clear exactly where one area ends and the other begins. In a similar way, when we use the word boundary to describe limits and rules in relationships, some judgment is needed to decide which behaviors cross the line. Herein lies the difficulty that people living with an addiction and their loved ones have with boundaries in their relationships. Boundaries and Addiction Boundaries are very individual, but people with substance addictions and those close to them often have problems with respecting boundaries. Often, areas of difficulty for boundary setting surround the very substances and behaviors at the center of the addiction. Substance abuse and addiction often raise issues of legality that should be addressed with firm boundaries. Common areas where boundaries should be set include: Prohibiting  drunk driving  or driving under the influence of drugs.Bringing  controlled drugs  into someone elses home or vehicle, as this can have legal consequences for the owner.Touching another person with unwelcome sexual or aggressive intent.Using someone else as an alibi to cover up illegal activities. It is never acceptable to implicate another person in illegal activities. Beyond setting boundaries surrounding illegal behaviors, boundaries can and should also be set around issues of safety, health, and even comfort. You define the boundaries in your relationships. Boundaries for Smoking Smoking in someone elses presence, around their children, or in their home are common boundaries for nonsmokers. Smoking is known to cause harm even to nonsmokers, and now its known that not just secondhand smoke but thirdhand smoke is hazardous to health. Personal preference and comfort are also perfectly legitimate rationale for strict boundaries. People with a nicotine addiction may have difficulties with adhering to strict boundaries around their smoking behaviors. When deciding on your boundaries when it comes to smoking, remember that It is completely justified if you feel it should always be off-limits in your presence. Boundaries for Alcohol and Drugs Setting limits on just how much alcohol consumption is acceptable to each person in the relationship is tricky and attempting to control what and how much can be consumed can lead to struggle. In the case where the person with an alcohol or drug addiction may not feel or admit that they have a problem, requesting limits can be both futile and frustrating. It can be embarrassing to be in the company of the person with addiction when they are unable and unwilling to communicate in a meaningful way because they are under the influence. Where drinking and drug use are concerned, you must decide what kinds of behavior are acceptable in your home. Then you must clearly communicate your expectations. Setting and Enforcing Your Boundaries The first step is to set your boundary; the next step is to enforce it. Define and discuss what is acceptable before the communication efforts become stalled or potentially veer into verbal or emotional abuse. Use I statements to express your boundaries directly, honestly, and respectfully. Then, be prepared to clearly state when you feel that the line is being crossed and even to remove yourself from the situation if your boundaries arent respected. Enforcing your boundaries may require enforcing consequences for behavior that violates the boundary.

Essay about Math 540 Midterm - 2049 Words

Current Location MAT540046VA016-1132-001 Quantitative Methods Review Test Submission: Midterm Exam Menu Management Options Expand All Collapse All MAT540046VA016-1132-001 (Quantitative Methods) Course Home Student Center Announcements Email Gradebook Class Introductions Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Review Test Submission: Midterm Exam Content User | | Course | Quantitative Methods | Test | Midterm Exam | Started | 2/9/13 10:35 PM | Submitted | 2/11/13 5:07 PM | Status | Completed | Score | 150 out of 200 points | Time Elapsed | No data | Instructions | | Question 1 5 out of 5 points | | | Deterministic techniques assume that no uncertainty exists in model†¦show more content†¦The average number of breakdowns from the simulation trials was 1.93 with a standard deviation of 0.20. No. of breakdowns per week | Probability | Cumulative probability | 0 | .10 | .10 | 1 | .25 | .35 | 2 | .36 | .71 | 3 | .22 | .93 | 4 | .07 | 1.00 | What is the probability of 2 or fewer breakdowns?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | .71 | Correct Answer: | .71 | | | | | Question 16 5 out of 5 points | | | rob 14, and 15)estion worth 2 points, 1 hour time limit (chapters 1,ue units EXCEPT:The U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that the yearly yield of limes per acre is distributed as follows: Yield, bushels per acre | Probability | 350 | .10 | 400 | .18 | 450 | .50 | 500 | .22 | The estimated average price per bushel is $16.80. What is the expected yield of the crop?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | 442 | Correct Answer: | 442 | | | | | Question 17 5 out of 5 points | | | __________ is a linear regression model relating demand to time.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Linear trend | Correct Answer: | Linear trend | | | | | Question 18 0 out of 5 points | | | Consider the following graph ofShow MoreRelatedKkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk6406 Words   |  26 PagesMechanical Behavior of Materials Composite Materials Mechanics of Polymers I Mechatronic Systems Design Microelectromechanical Systems Energy Generation and Storage Using Modern Materials 3. 1 4. Noise, Vibration and Harshness MECHENG 440 MECHENG 540 MECHENG 524 MECHENG 541 Intermediate Dynamics and Vibrations OR Intermediate Dynamics Advanced Engineering Acoustics Mechanical Vibrations 4 3 3 3 5. Powertrain AUTO 599 Spec Topic MECHENG 599 Spec Topic CHE 696 MECHENG 432 MECHENG 537 AEROSPRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesdirection 10 Chocolate cake 26 PREFERENCES (Ch. 3) 3.8 (0) Professor Goodheart always gives two midterms in his communications class. He only uses the higher of the two scores that a student gets on the midterms when he calculates the course grade. (a) Nancy Lerner wants to maximize her grade in this course. Let x1 be her score on the ï ¬ rst midterm and x2 be her score on the second midterm. Which combination of scores would Nancy prefer, x1 = 20 and x2 = 70 or x1 = 60 and x2 = 60? (20,70)Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages............................... 1.4 Types of Data and Some Simple Graphical Displays Every discipline has its own particular way of using common words, and statistics is no exception. You will recognize some of the terminology from previous math and science courses, but much of the language of statistics will be new to you. ââ€"   Describing Data ................................................................................................. The individuals or objects in any particular

Authoritarian vs. Authoritative Parenting Essay - 920 Words

Authoritarian vs. Authoritative parenting Children do not come with guidelines or instructions. What they do come with is a crucial set of physical and emotional needs that need to be met. To raise children properly, parents duties are not limited to just food, shelter and protection. Parents are largely responsible for their children’s success in life. Parents are required to teach and educate children. They have to shape knowledge and character into their children to prepare them to face the real world. To be successful with this, parents must provide self esteem needs, teach moral and values and provide discipline that is both effective and appropriate. As the generations have changed, many parenting styles have evolved, as well.†¦show more content†¦I prefer to reinforce confidence and compassion into raising my sons. To do this, I have to show unconditional love and at the same time setting undefined boundaries. My mother left little to no room for mistakes to be made. She was a firm believer in pushing for excellence. I do not agree with that, I allow my children to make mistakes and I am there to encourage and support them. My mother was never a warm and nurturing parent. In fact, she has often been regarded as cold and rejecting. I choose to be that warm and nurturing parent. Communication is a primary factor in the well being of a parent-child relationship. When dialogue is developed between parent and child, options are explored and the child can learn valuable decision making skills. Communication is important in discipline. Authoritarian parents tend to place an excess worth on the aspects of disciplining a child. Reasons or explanations of the rules for the punishment were never given with my mother. Being an authoritative parent, I lean towards allowing my children to know why the rules are such and what to expect when the rules are broken. A lot of authoritarian power base is achieved through parental intimidation of the child. Th e authoritative parent is less likely to respond my anger to a rebellion against their rules. When my mother gave punishments they were neither effective nor appropriate. However, by learning through experience I parent with firm but appropriateShow MoreRelatedWhat Comes To Mind When You Hear The Saying â€Å"Good Parenting†?1224 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"good parenting†? Amongst American families, there isn’t any rule book as to what a good guardian is, but there are two main styles of parenting that are adjusted within each house hold throughout a community, and throughout the nation. It was during the 1960’s when the types of parenting styles were distinguished into four major categories, authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and absent. Throughout various eras, only two styles have become the fundamental way of parenting, authoritative andRead MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1318 Words   |  6 PagesPsychosocial developmen t’ theory and Diana Baumrinds ‘Parenting Styles’. Stages of Psychosocial development Erik Erikson’s theory emphasizes the search for identity during the adolescent years (Feldman, 2013). His ideas were greatly influenced by Freud, going along with Freud’s (1923) theory regarding the structure and topography of personality (McLeod, 2008). Erikson’s theory is broken down into eight different stages. The first stage is ‘Trust-vs.-mistrust’, which approximate ages for this stage isRead MoreThe Fbi Behavior Analysis Unit1443 Words   |  6 PagesKarley Pecosky Psychology Parenting Styles The FBI Behavior Analysis Unit can profile a person down to the type of household they grew up in. Behavior as an adult, especially of a psychopath, is usually in correlation to a traumatic event of their childhood, usually involving their parents. The FBI has the ability to analyze all the behaviors of a person and tell you what kind of car they are mostly likely to drive, what profession they are most likely involved in, and in most cases, links toRead MoreBeing A Child Of The 90 s Full House Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesimmediately referenced parenting styles to the episode where DJ Tanner punishes her son a little differently than Kimmy Gibler punishes her daughter, although the â€Å"committed the same crime.† I am hoping to dissect this exact scene, and discuss DJ parenting style towards her son. I find the parenting styles really interesting, specifically the four we discussed in module four and I really want to focus on that here. Earlier in the course, we discussed Darling four parenting styles and for some reasonRead MoreAcademic Motivation : Mediating Variable between Parenting Style and Academic Achievement3869 Words   |  16 Pagesreinforcing, caring, and showing warmth to their children and these differences are called Parenting Styles. Therefore, this study will be useful and informative for parents on how to raise their child and for the future parents to have an idea and awareness of the different approaches that most children would prefer. Literature Review Parenting Style can be defined as the integration of the two elements of parenting: Responsiveness/Warmth and Demandingness (Baumrind, 1991). Responsiveness is the extentRead MoreDiana Baumrind2963 Words   |  12 PagesDiana Blumberg Baumrind is a clinical and developmental psychologist that specializes in parenting styles. Baumrind was born on August 23, 1927 in a small Jewish community in New York City; she was the first of two daughters born to Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Baumrind earned a B.A. in philosophy at Hunter College in 1948. She later received her M.A. and Ph. D. in Psychology at the University of California, Berkley; she studied developmental, clinical, and social psychology. Her doctoral dissertationRead MoreParenting Vs Today s Parenting1334 Words   |  6 Pagesan improvement in students, the simple answer is the way those students are being parented and what type of example students parents are setting. If we can identify and isolate bad parenting styles, we could improve our education, social skills, and our future as a country. Past Parenting vs Today’s Parenting Parenting styles are always changing. Recently mostly due to technology. Back not too long ago, children would actually go outside and met up with their friends. They had a sort of free rangeRead MoreParenting Styles and Child Development1821 Words   |  8 Pages| Parenting Styles and Child Development | Awais Qureshi | | Hannah Steinweld | 5/11/2011 | | In recent years, much data has shown that parenting styles exercise a strong influence on child development and behaviour. The initial choice of parenting style creates the foundation for the child’s psychological and social development. Parents can choose from different approaches in raising their child; they can be strict, moderate or lenient. Authoritarian parents are characterized as beingRead MoreTheoretical Frameworks And Influence Of Parenting838 Words   |  4 Pagesof Parenting Throughout history, parents have been trying to find the best way to raise children, and come up with ideas on what the best outcomes will be. Although there are many factors to take into account when raising children, it really boils down to the parents’ responsiveness and demandingness (Arnett, 2012, p. 259). The most popular conception is the one that Diana Braumrind came up with (Arnett, 2012, p. 259). There are four categories for parenting style which are: authoritative, authoritarianRead MoreAwareness of Parenting Style/Practices and the Effect on Adolescent Identity2220 Words   |  9 PagesBandura’s social learning theory. Psychosocial development as theorized by Erikson has eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood (Kail Cavanaugh, 2010). Adolescents fall into stage five, Identity vs. Role Confusion, in which the question of â€Å"Who am I† is trying to be answered. In trying to discover the answer to this question adolescents tend to gravitate to groups they feel they fit into. Social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs

Class Discussion 6 Example

Essays on Class Discussion 6 Coursework Discussion 6 The interpretation by Nietzsche on his personal views about Christianity as a â€Å"slave morality† is very true. As such, it is very clear that the concept of Christianity simply keeps the week in check whilst empowering the upper classes to continue enriching and benefiting themselves in the name of religion. This therefore creates and reinforces class division as the upper class separates completely from the lower class. He claims that the motive of Christianity is to appeal to the disenfranchised in the society, whereas what it actually does is to empower the wealthy in the community. For instance, Christianity inspires the poor people within the congregation to look to the next life for success and prosperity and in return, ignore the current worldly one. This perspective leaves them passive and non-political. On the contrary, those who are rich in spirit, especially the Christian leaders such as pastors, reverends, prophets and other renowned men of God, man ipulate Christianity to amass a lot of wealth for themselves through offerings, tithes, and other gifts offered by the congregation to the church. While the rich leaders continually enrich themselves, the poor members of the church continue to live in suffering and poverty with the hope of going to heaven where they would lead a rich happier life. Truth be told heaven only exists in the mind of the believers and very few of them live their lives righteous enough to make it to heaven. In the long run, they end up losing both in this life, as well as in the next life.

Ethics Act Utilitarianism

Question: Discuss about theEthicsfor Act Utilitarianism. Answer: Introduction Ethical theories have been developed by philosophers to provide solutions for difficult situations that people find themselves in their daily lives. These theories enable people to differentiate between what is right and wrong (Hayhurst, 2010). Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that is concerned with the amount of suffering or happiness that results from a persons action. An ethical action according to utilitarianism is one that has maximum benefits and minimum adverse outcomes. It attempts to maximize the amount of happiness and minimize the amount of suffering involved in a given situation. Utilitarianism is divided into rule and act-Utilitarianism. Rule utilitarianism is based on fairness. It seeks to benefit most people in the fairest way possible. On the other hand, Act utilitarianism is based on acting in the way that benefits most people irrespective of the resultant feelings or societal laws. (Baumane, Cals Sumilo, 2016).The focus of this essay will be on Act Utilitarianis m. According to the proponents of Act Utilitarianism, an act becomes morally right if it benefits the greatest number of people or when it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. According to Act Utilitarianism, therefore, an action is principally guided by it as to build the maximum amount of benefit to the greatest amount of people in contrast to the actual feelings of the people involved (Melden, 2013). As identified in the response there are basically two main stakeholders, in this case, Stephen and Ralph. However, others stakeholders on whom much emphasis has not been laid are the community which includes Stephenss family. Based on the responses by the imaginary student we can draw a number of ethical theories that have been used. In the first response, the student lays more emphasis on the outcomes of the actions identified in the case as either positive or negative and the resultant feelings that Stephen will have based on the action that he will take. This response can be partly interpreted by the use of virtue ethics which is based on more an individuals character. This particular theory states that an individuals character matters then everything else. The emphasis on this theory is that individuals should act in a way that shows compassion for others and which is guided by wisdom and devoid of vices such as selfishness (Mizzoni,2010). It does not focus on an individuals action which is the area of focus for Act Utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism employs the use of Utilitarianism rules to evaluate Individuals actions directly. Based on Act utilitarianism we can focus on the maximum amount of benefit involved without regard to the feelings that are involved. In this Case the evaluation of the action on the potential maximum benefits for the greatest number of those involved i.e. Ralph on one side and the other stakeholders on the other side. While the action of retaining Ralph would not be termed as having produced the greatest benefit to the greatest amount of people, deciding not to retain him would be, because it would improve sustainability which would result in maximum benefit. The first two responses fail to conform to utilitarianism principles in that they are mostly focused on the outcome of the actions instead of the actions themselves (Jeurissen Rijst,2007). All Ethical theories are concerned with acting in a way that is morally right. Just like utilitarianism which views a morally right action as one that produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of good for the majority. Kantianism ethical theory, on the other hand, views an action as morally right if through the action a person can be said to have fulfilled their duties. It does not focus on the outcome of persons action. Kantian ethics is focused on two basic principles. The first is whether another person would act in a similar manner in a different situation and whether the action is meant to benefit other. Care ethics is more concerned with relationships before other factors. Acting in a way that is morally right requires an individuals action to be focused on building, strengthening and maintaining strong relationships with the people involved (Shafer, 2007). An ethically right action would, therefore, be one that shows care for others and which is focused on m aintaining the existing relationship. Relationships are therefore the basis for care ethics. Virtue ethics is more concerned with an individuals character .living morally, therefore, requires an individual to demonstrate certain virtues such as courage, wisdom and compassion through their character while at the same time avoiding certain vices such as selfishness. Finally, contract theory is primarily concerned with existing agreements between people. To act in a way that is morally right requires an individual to respect the existing agreements. Based on the analysis of different ethical theories there is one common factor that emerges from all of them and that is the fact that they all outline basic principles necessary for an action to be considered as ethically correct. The imaginary students actions that are morally worth can be said to be universally applicable to all theories and not only to the Act Utilitarianism which was can the basis for his discussion. This can be referr ed to this as a mere generalization which does not apply to any particular theory. In essence, as per Act Utilitarianism apart from an action being able to demonstrate moral worth, it must also be seen to be resulting to the greater good (Spinoza,2011).The imaginary students analysis does not meet this threshold needed in Act Utilitarianism because based on it any action by Stephen would have been appropriate. The final Analysis by the imaginary student is focused on Justice as the basis for defining an action that is ethically correct. This means that an action should be guided by the basic principle of achieving justice for the parties involved. This, therefore, requires that an action taken be the one that grants each party involved justice. As per the analysis of student, it would be justified to deny Ralph employment because that enabled him to accomplish his desire of working at the time that he wished to instead of the time that he was required to. While it can be said that there is some truth in that statement, the argument goes against the principles of Act Utilitarianism which requires an act to be considered morally correct if it results to the greater good of the whole. On the contrary, justice is emphasized by Kantian ethics which is based on the principle behind people actions and which states that an action is considered to be morally correct if it treats everyone with fairn ess (Copp, 2007).This, therefore, the basis for this argument for the imaginary student Conclusion Based on the above response it is evident that each ethical theory is founded on certain principles which are used to define an action as either appropriate or inappropriate. Based on the imaginary students response on Act Utilitarianism it can be argued that the response does not quite address the basic principles of Act Utilitarianism and even goes ahead to employ principles from other theories such as Kantian ethics to analyze the case. In conclusion, therefore, this response is not very appropriate for the case. Reference List Baumane-Vitolina, I., Cals, I. and Sumilo, E., (2016). Is Ethics Rational? Teleological, Deontological and Virtue Ethics Theories Reconciled in the Context of Traditional Economic Decision Making. Procedia Economics and Finance Copp, D. (2007). The Oxford handbook of ethical theory. New York: Oxford University Press. Hayhurst, C.( 2010). Animal testing: the animal rights debate. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. Jeurissen, R., Rijst, M. W. (2007). Ethics in business. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum. Melden, A. (2013). Ethical Theories. Read Books Ltd. Mizzoni, J. (2010). Ethics: The basics. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell. Shafer-Landau, R. (2007). Ethical theory: An anthology. Malden, Mass. [u.a.: Blackwell. Sustainable development: Relationships to culture, knowledge and ethics. (2011). Karlsruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing. Spinoza, B. . (2011). Ethics. Ware: Wordsworth Editions.

Light Pollution free essay sample

Global Context of Nursing Paper NURS 4100 Section M March 31, 2010 York University Global Context of Nursing Paper: Light Pollution Over the past decade evidence has been mounting that excessive outdoor lighting is not only an aesthetic issue, but a potentially hazardous environmental one as well (Berg, 2009). Research has shown that excessive lighting is directly responsible for the exponentially growing problem of light pollution (Chepesiuk, 2009). The negative effects of light pollution have been well documented in humans, animals and the overall eco-system (Berg, 2009; Chepesik, 2009). In fact, a compelling amount of epidemiological evidence points to a consistent association between exposure to excessive light and a plethora of related health ailments. Luckily, according to Berg (2009), light pollution is one of the easiest pollutants to reduce. As such, it is imperative that immediate steps be taken in eradicating this solvable issue, as disregarding it will only exacerbate the effects it has on us and the non-human citizens of our planet. We will write a custom essay sample on Light Pollution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The following paper will explore the issue of light pollution, based on the frameworks, analyses, discussions, and evaluations embedded in the philosophy of this course. It will discuss the issue, evaluate it based on the global context of nursing and conclude with our intentions for action. As nurses comprise of the largest group of healthcare providers, it is imperative that they continuously strive to improve health within the global community (Leuning, 2001). As today’s world is extremely fast paced and ever changing, in order for nurses to fully participate within the current healthcare arenas, they too must adapt to the ever changing dynamics of this world. The present challenge for nurses lies in the fact that nursing education must create teaching-learning environments which facilitate the emergence of the global perspective and the awareness of the interconnectedness between us, and the other inhabitants of this world. As such, Leuning (2001) proposes her teaching-learning principles, derived from her conceptualizations, with the aim of facilitating this global perspective. The predominant principle pertaining to the issue of light pollution is the principle of peacemaking, as it speaks of respect for all others on this earth, as well as for the earth itself. According to Leuning (2001), despite the inherent differences within our belief and value systems, peacemaking assumes that people will nevertheless honor each other’s dignity, respect and use the Earth’s resources fairly and responsibly, as well as value all other life. As the issue of light pollution disregards all aspects of this principle, it is best illuminated here. As the greedy corporations around the world show utter disrespect and carelessness toward the human and non-human inhabitants of this world, by negatively impacting their health via lighting, the peacemaking principle is clearly omitted. Despite the noted damaging effects, people continuously choose to ignore the message behind this principle and consciously persist to damage the surrounding sentient life. Not only does light pollution attribute to the depletion of our resources, as a result of wasteful fossil fuel consumption (U. S. Energy Information Administration, 2010), it also leads to many dysfunctions within the human body, as well as negatively impacts both animals and plants (Navara amp; Nelson, 2007; Longcore amp; Rich, 2004). In spite of these findings, those profiting from lighting continue to carry on, neglecting their responsibilities as the citizens of this world, and as such persist to harm the species and dishonour human dignity. According to the Ottawa Charter (1986) and Jakarta Declaration (1997), certain fundamental resources and conditions must be initially in place, prior to health being present. Unfortunately, the issue of light pollution has created a circumstance where the attainment of health for all is virtually impossible. Light pollution has created such instability within the eco-system, that the non-human citizens are now being impacted daily by its horrific effects. Longcore and Rich (2004) have concluded that the sky glow resulting from artificial lighting leads to alterations in reproductive activities, predator/prey interactions, as well as in orientation capabilities. Such alterations have the ability to result in large-scale ecological changes, and impact the survival capabilities of key species within the environment. In addition, a basic human right, the right to health, is also being disrespected as light trespass (unwanted light entering one’s property) invades our personal space, causing various negative effects (Chepesiuk, 2009). Moreover, our sustainable resources are also becoming compromised, as they are being rapidly depleted due to the millions of oil barrels wasted each year on illumination (U. S. Energy Information Administration, 2010). Although the ICN, CNA, and RNAO have not taken direct steps toward addressing light pollution, they have however been involved in tackling pollution in general. The ICN has made attempts to address the issue of pollution by collaborating with other groups, as well as educating others and advocating for changes to be made (ICN, 2008). They have tirelessly worked toward influencing decision makers, who encourage practices that pose threats to the health of humans, as well as the overall environment. The RNAO has also recognized that certain environmental factors, such as pollution, attribute to the disease and suffering within our world (RNAO, 2010). Given the seriousness of the consequences associated with pollution, the RNAO has decided to take a stance in protecting human health and the environment. As RNAO’s mandate is to advocate for healthy public policy, they have worked toward implementing the Environmental Protection Act, as well as the Green Energy and Green Economy Act, where resources are made available to conserve energy. RNAO’s mission is to create vibrant communities by building healthier environments, which involves reducing harmful pollutants in the environment. The RNAO recommendations include committing to aggressive targets in order to dramatically increase the green share of energy, and sharply reduce consumption through conservation. RNAO is also working toward making conservation and green energy priorities in planning, regulation, procurement and operation in Ontario. As well, the CNA has made attempts to resolve this issue by working toward making improvements within the current situation of the eco-system (CNA, 2005). CNA has become a member of the Canadian Coalition for Green Health Care. They have also taken personal steps by making several changes to the CNA House, such as replacing light bulbs and old technology with more efficient energy alternatives. The rapid worldwide transmission of cultural images and lifestyle norms has undoubtedly contributed to the growing issue of light pollution. With the popularity of the Western world utilizing brightly lit advertisements to promote media images, the rest of the economically developed world has followed suit (Berg, 2009). This can be witnessed in Toronto’s Dundas Square, which is progressively becoming quite similar to New York’s Times Square, and works toward further perpetuating the 24/7 economy, where profits are the driving force behind the flashy advertisements. Although the advertisements are aesthetically pleasing, they portray the American ideal of consumerism and materialism, which limit the vision of the Ottawa Charter. As the corporations strive to entice the consumers, through wasteful resource practices, and increase their own profit margins, they are obliterating our environment via destabilizing the eco-system and destroying our resources (Ottawa Charter, 1986). The disruption of the star-studded dark skies by light pollution has contributed to the oppression of the world views of cultures living with a holistic relational earth-based planetary perspective. As the Western world increases light consumption at night, the visibility of stars decreases, hence oppressing cultures living with a planetary perspective that depend on stars at night for navigation (Native Women’s Association of Canada, 2007). Darkness at night is an important part of the environment and culture of people living with an earth-based perspective. Chief Seattle (1855) writes that the dark woods are holy to the experience of his people, and disrupting these natural dark conditions at night are factors that oppress his people. Darkness at night provides a pristine environmental setting that is preferred by many wildlife species and plants. In the process of polluting the environment with light, the Western world causes various detrimental effects on plants and animals, who suffer without natural darkness (Native Women’s Association of Canada, 2007). Harming these non-human citizens of the earth goes against the principles of Chief Seattle (1855), who notes that every part of the Earth is sacred for his people, where plants are their sisters and animals are their brothers. As the Western world continues to pollute the environment with light, it also opposes the traditional teachings of Chief Seattle (1855) to preserve the land for future generations. Light pollution not only causes disruptions to female reproductive cycles, but it also has the capacity to result in large-scale ecological changes (Longcore amp; Rich, 2004). The indigenous people embrace a sacred relationship with the natural world, having a deep respect, responsibility and obligation to nature and all forms of life (Peat, 1997). As the Western world continues to carelessly abuse light consumption without considering its consequences, this oppresses the indigenous cultures who believe in living in harmony and balance with the natural world (Peat, 1997). According to Ayres (2000), the impacts of human technology account for the phenomenon of the extinction of species, commonly referred to as the extinction spike. The extinction spike operates in the background of light pollution, as light pollution and artificial light have been linked to disruptions in reproduction, and decline and extinction of many species such as salamanders and frogs (amphibians), sea turtles (reptiles), birds, fireflies, and plants (Chepesiuk, 2009). This loss in biodiversity is the most dangerous threat to human security and to the sustainability of civilization because once these organisms are lost, they cannot be regained. The significance of the extinction of these species lies in that evolution depends on the availability of diverse species in order to form healthy ecosystems. Evolution also depends on a rich gene pool within species to help them adapt to various conditions. In turn, diminishing the biodiversity of species will not only destabilize our ecosystems, but could also limit our capacities to stay healthy and adapt (Ayres, 2000). It is important to note that reptiles carry important keys to our long-term survival on Earth, as they have been on the planet one thousand times longer than Homo sapiens (Ayres, 2000). As light pollution continues to decrease the biodiversity of plant and animal species who hold the key to cures and our survival, adverse consequences to human and planetary health will persist. In addition to the extinction spike, light pollution contributes to the carbon dioxide spike as well, as electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas). Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, leading to global warming and extreme weather events (Ayres, 2000). Moreover, as electricity and light are generated by the burning of fossil fuels, the utilization of fossil fuels leads to the consumption spike. The consumption spike refers to the depletion of Earth’s resources faster than the natural processes are able to regenerate them (Ayres, 2000). As can be seen, light pollution contributes to the extinction spike, the carbon dioxide spike, and in turn the consumption spike. The egocentric environmental paradigm holds currency with regard to light pollution. According to Kleffel (1996), the egocentric paradigm is grounded in the notion that the individual good is the highest good that will ultimately benefit society. Egocentrism is the guiding ethic of entrepreneurs and corporations, who use natural resources (fossil fuel) and light in order to maximize their economic gains. For instance, this is prevalent in advertising, where companies contribute to light pollution by using excessive illumination to promote their products and maximize profits (Narisada amp; Schreuder, 2004). Egocentrism is also portrayed by home owners, who illuminate their houses for purposes of aesthetics and appeal, thus focusing on what is good for themselves. There is a need to move away from the egocentric toward the ecocentric paradigm, as light pollution threatens the existence of both the living and non-living. Ecocentrism holds that the entire environment has intrinsic value. As everything in life is connected, unity exists between humans and the environment. Thus, we need to take care of the world by decreasing light pollution. In order to operationalize the shift in paradigms, we need to address light pollution by changing the day-to-day living habits of society in conserving our resources. Furthermore, we need to raise awareness of light pollution by talking to others and joining organizations that address light pollution issues (Muskoka Heritage Foundation, 2004a). We need to start locally in order to have a global effect. As such, everyone can do the minimal things that together can have an impact. It is interesting to note that the aspects limiting nurses’ actions on behalf of global health are that nurses generally do not understand the nterrelations between social, political, and economic structures and the origins of health and illness (Kleffel, 1996). Furthermore, nursing theories do not adequately describe the concept of the environment. According to Kleffel (1996), the environment is defined in relation to individuals, rather than having its own essence and intrinsic value. As egocentrism has dominated the Western culture, nurses adopted this approach into their theories. In turn, nursing care theories do not allow for much nonhuman interchange of care due to their anthropocentricity. According to Kleffel (1996), as the ecocentric view is only starting to inform the profession and has not yet achieved significant standing in nursing scholarship or practice, it will take time until nurses uphold the ecocentric principles toward actions on behalf of global health with regard to light pollution. Light pollution is just one of the many global issues affecting our ecology, human health, and economy today. Although it affects all inhabitants of our planet, this issue is particularly important to nurses, as it is directly related them. Research demonstrates that nurses working night shifts, who are constantly exposed to artificial lighting, have an increased risk of breast cancer (Cotter et al. , 2007; Davis, Mirick, amp; Stevens, 2001), as well as colorectal cancer (Navara amp; Nelson, 2007). The WHO (2007) has notes that shift work is extremely detrimental to our health, classifying it as a â€Å"probable carcinogen† (Cotter et al, 2007). These findings and many more, contribute to the ever growing research which suggests that hazardous conditions are prevalent throughout nursing. In the CNA Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses (2008) one of the responsibility statements indicates that â€Å"nurses [must] maintain their fitness to practice†, implying that it is the nurses’ obligation to maintain their own physical health. Thus, nurses must take action in addressing this issue. Furthermore, as it is a nursing responsibility to provide safe care and minimize harm, hospitalized patients are currently not receiving the competent care they deserve. As they too are being exposed to the ever-lightning hospital environments that negatively affect patient health, this provides an even bigger incentive for nurses to get involved. In addition to being holistically involved in maintaining our planetary health, we also have a moral commitment to care and advocate for all the non-human beings affected by light pollution. Fortunately, nurses possess a real capability to address this issue across all levels: individual, institutional, systemic, and societal. At a local level, we may advocate for efficient, less wasteful light sources in our homes and workplaces. We also can negotiate with decision makers at our institutions, regarding the maximal dimming of lights at night and turning them off whenever possible. Furthermore, at a systemic level, we can support and participate in the research addressing this issue, and further disseminate our knowledge among colleagues, patients, friends and neighbours via newsletters, posters, conferences, and lectures. At a societal level, nurses can lobby local governments with respect to developing sites which will reduce light pollution (Muskoka Heritage Foundation, 2004b). These numerous responsibilities should not overwhelm us, as we have effective tools to influence this problem. According to Keith (2008), full cut-off lighting fixtures allow for significant reductions in light pollution and the usage of lower wattage lamps, aid in decreasing the overall energy consumption and contribute to decreases in carbon dioxide emissions. As nurses, we have to remember the tenets of Florence Nightingale, who recognized the significance of physical conditions affecting human health and called on nurses to be actively involved in creating an environment which facilitates recovery (Beck, 2004). Nightingale implied that creating and sustaining healthy environment starts from the individual household and expands to the â€Å"development of health policies that would apply to larger populations† (Beck, 2004, p. 143), which determines our strategy for action. Falk-Rafael (2006) develops the ideas of Nightingale in applying them to our current situation of increasing global economic, political and cultural connections. She underlines the effects of the environment on human health, stating that 25% of disease and injury in the world is attributable to environmental decline. By indicating that â€Å"consumerism has become the dominant world faith† (Falk-Rafael, 2006, p. 11), she points out the main cause of light pollution, which is the glow of business/office building windows, and advertising signs (Berg, 2009). The proposal to shift the focus from profits to people (Falk-Rafael, 2006) is closely related to the objectives of our political actions to reduce light pollution. In addition, in recognizing that all planetary beings are ecological citizens (Falk-Rafael, 2006), she supports the idea that our ethical obligation as nurses is to protect the ealth and advocate for justice towards all non-human creatures. In researching this issue, we began to experience a great deal of responsibility, in terms of being advocates for ourselves, other humans, as well as the non-human citizens of our planet. It is become apparent to us that even simple things, such as turned on decorative lights, may have detrimental effects which can impact our entire ecosyste m. We all contribute to this issue; however, improving it is also in our hands. For this reason, we shared our ideas and emotions with one another, which were shaped and enriched by the new insights discussed in this course, and developed some statements (see Appendix) which express our thoughts pertaining to this topic. As statistics show that nighttime lighting has quadrupled in intensity, every decade since the 1960s (Dickinson, 2003), and about two thirds of the current world population live in areas where the night sky is above the threshold for polluted status (Cinzano, Falchi, amp; Elvidge, 2001), we have decided that we must all act immediately in our own ways. Ela expressed that in learning about the detrimental effects of this issue previously mentioned, she intends to take various actions in order to minimize lighting usage, including turning off the lights whenever possible and installing dark sky friendly lighting in her home. She also wishes to raise awareness of this issue by discussing it with others. Karina also shared that in learning about light pollution she began to realize the extent to which our world abuses the consumption of scarce resources, and inflicts harm on the planet. She was amazed that more is not being done to shed light on this issue, as it directly impacts the health of the human and non-human citizens on this Earth. She expressed that her intentions for action will be to share this acquired knowledge with other individuals, and commit to influencing policies and regulations at her prospective workplaces. Natalia stated that learning about this topic made her realize that much of what we do directly impacts our Earth. She expressed that she does not want to wait until the last star disappears from the night sky, and intends to act by participating in the next symposium held by the Muskoka Heritage Foundation, as no nurses were represented in the previous one. Elena revealed that she was afflicted by the continued usage of our precious resources. She was concerned that our world is knowingly using up energy and harming all sentient life, although it is unneeded. She expressed that she intends to act by making personal changes in her own use of lighting, as well as sharing this information with others, so that they can also make changes. We collaboratively agreed that we do not want to wait until the last star disappears from the night horizon. We believe that if all people join together and turn off the unneeded light, it will make a difference. We feel that we need to act now. We are nurses. We, all people, are nurses of this world. We are nursing this world. As nurses educated to care for others, we are responsible for educating ourselves and other people on how to nurture our world in our big global village, on a small and defenceless planet. References Ayres, E. (2000). The four spikes. Futures, 32, 539-554. Beck, D. -M. (2004). The lens of health determinants: Nightingale’s dual focus on negative and positive. In Dossey, B. M. , Beck, D. -M. , Selanders, L. C. , Attewell, A. Florence Nightingale Today: Healing, Leadership, Global Action. Silver Spring, MD: American Nurses Association. Berg, R. (2009). Getting serious about light pollution. Journal of Environmental Health,  71(9),  46-48. Canadian Nurses Association (2005). Greening the Canadian Nurses Association. Retrieved March 5, 2010, from http://www. cna-aiic. ca/CNA/documents/pdf/ publications /Greening_CNA_e. df Canadian Nurses Association (2008). Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses. Retrieved March 24, 2010, from the CNA web site: http://www. cna-aiic. ca/cna/documents/pdf/publications/ Code_ of Ethics_2008e. pdf Chepesiuk, R. (2009). Missing the dark: Health effects of light pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(1), 20-27. Chief of Seattle (1855). A letter from Chief Seattle. Retrieved from NURS 4100 Cou rse Kit. Cinzano, P. , Falchi1, P. F. , amp; Elvidge, C. D. (2001). The first World Atlas of the artificial night sky brightness. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 328, 689–707. Cotter, T. , Perez, D. , Dessaix, A. , Baker, D. , Murphy, M. , Crawford, J. , Denney, J. , amp; Bishop, J. F. (2007). Cancer and lifestyle factors. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from the Cancer Institute web site: http://www. cancerinstitute. org. au/cancer_inst/publications/pdfs/pm-2007-01_cancer-and-lifestyle-report-2007. pdf Davis, S. , Mirick, D. K. , amp; Stevens, R. G. (2001). Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93(20), 1557-1562. Dickinson, T. 2003). Naturalists of the night. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from the Muskoka Heritage Foundation web site: www. muskokaheritage. org Falk-Rafael, A. (2006). Globalization and global health: Towards nursing praxis in the global community. Advances in Nursing Science, 29(1), 2-14. International Council of Nurses (2008). Nurses, Climate Change and Health. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from http://www. ic n. ch/PS_E08_Nurses%20Climate%20Change. pdf Jakarta Declaration on Leading Health Promotion into the 21st Century (1997). Retrieved February 15, 2010, from http://www. ho. int/hpr/NPH/docs/jakarta_declaration_en. pdf Keith, D. (2008). Roadway lighting design for the optimization of UPD, STV and uplight. Journal of the IES , 29(2), 39-54. Kleffel, D. (1996). Environmental paradigms: Moving toward an ecocentric perspective. Advances in Nursing Science, 18(4), 1-10. Leuning, C. J. (2001) Advancing a global perspective: The world as a classroom. Nursing Science Quarterly, 14(4), 298-303. Longcore, T. , amp; Rich, C. (2004). Ecological light pollution. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2(4), 191–198. Muskoka Heritage Foundation. 2004a). Natural Heritage Program. Retrieved March 2, 2010 from the Muskoka Heritage Foundation web site: www. muskokaheritage. org Muskoka Heritage Foundation (2004b). Ecology of the night. Recommendations. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from the Mus koka Heritage Foundation web site: www. muskokaheritage. org Narisada, K. , amp; Schreuder, D. (2004). Light pollution handbook. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. Native Women’s Association of Canada (2007). Aboriginal women and the environment: Air, noise and light pollution. Retrieved March 2, 2010, from http://www. wac-hq. org/en/documents/nwac. air-noise-lightpollution. jun2007. pdf Navara, K. J. , amp; Nelson, R. J. (2007). The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences. Journal of Pineal Research, 43(3), 215-224. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986). Retrieved February 15, 2010, from http://www. who. int/hpr/NPH/docs/ ottawa_charter_hp. pdf Peat, D. F. (1997). Blackfoot physics and European minds. Futures, 29(6), 563-573. Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (2010). Creating vibrant communities: RNAO’s challenge to Ontario’s